Humour in the classroom
VIEW FULL TEXT

Keywords

EFL teachers
humour forms
humour functions
classroom

How to Cite

Weisi, H., & Mohammadi, V. (2023). Humour in the classroom: forms and functions among Iranian EFL teachers . The European Journal of Humour Research, 11(1), 168–183. https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR.2023.11.1.739

Abstract

The present study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the use of humour by EFL teachers in a private language institute in the context of Iran. In so doing, the study made an attempt to identify the forms of humour EFL teachers opt to use more frequently in relation to the students’ teaching in the classroom through observing their classroom teachings. Moreover, an interview was held with the EFL teachers to seek their perceptions with regard to the functions humorous language can serve in the process of language teaching and learning and their suggestions as to the implementation of humour in the classroom. The findings of the study demonstrate that Iranian EFL teachers show the inclination to use jokes, physical humour and riddles more frequently than other forms of humour. Moreover, the results of the interview reveal that EFL teachers assign some more commonly functions to the humorous language in the classroom such as creating a cheerful and friendly atmosphere, acting as a relaxing, comforting, and tension reducing device, increasing student interest and enjoyment, increasing learners’ concentration and motivation, and finally improving the quality of learning. Finally, the suggestions for appropriate use of humour and implications of the study are discussed in the result and conclusion sections, respectively.

https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR.2023.11.1.739
VIEW FULL TEXT

References

Alemi, M., Ghanbar, H. & Rezanejad, A. (2021). ‘The integration of verbal humour into EFL classrooms: the issues of appropriateness and relevance in focus’. Journal of Language and Education 7 (1), 4-16. https://doi.org/10.17323/jle.2021.108.

Alsop, S. (2015). ‘The ‘humour’ element in engineering lectures across cultures: an approach to pragmatic annotation’. Language & Computers 79, pp. 337–361.

Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Irvine, C. K. S. & Walker, D. (2019). Introduction to Research in Education (10th Ed.). Andover, Hampshire: Cengage Learning.

Bakar, F., & Kumar, V. (2019). ‘The use of humour in teaching and learning in higher education classrooms: lecturers’ perspectives’. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 40, pp. 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2019.04.006.

Banas, J. A., Dunbar, N., Rodriguez, D. & Liu, S.-J. (2011). ‘A review of humour in educational settings: four decades of research’. Communication Education 60 (1), pp. 115–144. https//doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2010.496867.

Bell, N. D. (2011). ‘Humor scholarship and TESOL: applying findings and establishing a research agenda’. TESOL Quarterly 45 (1), pp. 134-159.

Bell, N. (2012). ‘Comparing playful and nonplayful incidental attention to form’. Language Learning 62 (1), pp. 236-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00630.x.

Bell, N. & Pomernatz, A. (2014). ‘Reconsidering language teaching through a focus on humour’. Euro-American Journal of Applied Linguistics and Languages E‐Journal 1, pp. 31‐47.

Bell, N. D. & Pomerantz, A. (2016). Humor in the Classroom: A Guide for Language Teachers and Educational Researchers. London: Routledge.

Bell, N., Skalicky, S. & Salsbury, T. (2014). ‘Multicompetence in L2 language play: a longitudinal case study’. Language Learning 64 (1), pp. 72–102. https//doi.org/10.1111/lang.2014.64.issue-1.

Benson, P. (2012). ‘Learner centred teaching’, in Burns, A. & Richards, J. (eds.), The Cambridge Guide to Pedagogy and Practice in Second Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 30-38.

Berk, R. (2000). ‘Does humour in course tests reduce anxiety and improve performance?’ College Teaching 48, pp. 151-158.

Berk, R. (2002). Humour as an Instructional Defibrillator: Evidence-Based Techniques in Teaching and Assessment. Sterling, Virginia: Stylus Publishing.

Betoret, F. D. (2009). ‘Self-efficacy, school resources, job stressors and burnout among Spanish primary and secondary school teachers: a structural equation approach’. Educational Psychology 29 (1), pp. 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410802459234.

Bieg, S. & Dresel, M. (2016). ‘Construction and validation of the German questionnaire to assess students' perceptions of teacher humour’. Diagnostica 62, pp. 3–15.

Bieg, S., Grassinger, R. &Dresel, M. (2017). ‘Humor as a magic bullet? Associations of different teacher humour forms with student emotions’. Learning and Individual Differences 56, pp. 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2017.04.008

Bryant, J., Crane, J. S., Comisky, P.W. & Zillmann, D. (1980). ‘Relationship between college teachers’ use of humour in the classroom and students' evaluations of their teachers’. Journal of Educational Psychology 72 (4), pp. 511-519.

Carter, R. & McCarthy, M. (2004). ‘Talking, creating: interactional language, creativity, and context’. Applied Linguistics 25 (1), pp. 62-88.

Cook, G. (2000). Language Play, Language Learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Creswell, J. W. (2008). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, California: Sage.

Dewaele, J. M., Witney, J., Saito, K.. & Dewaele, L. (2018). ‘Foreign language enjoyment and anxiety: the effect of teacher and learner variables’. Language Teaching Research 22 (6), pp. 676–697.

Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research Methods in Applied Linguistics: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eskey, M. (2010). ‘Humor in online classrooms: new ways to learn and laugh’. Faculty Focus, August, 17, 2010. Retrieved from https://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/online-education/online-course-delivery-and-instruction/humor-in-online-classrooms-new-ways-to-learn-and-laugh/

Forman, R. (2011). ‘Humorous language play in a Thai EFL classroom’. Applied Linguistics 32 (5), pp. 541–565. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amr022.

Frymier, A. B., Wanzer, M. B. & Wojtaszczyk, A. M. (2008). ‘Assessing students’ perceptions of inappropriate and appropriate teacher humour’. Communication Education 57 (2), pp. 266-288.

Garner, R. L. (2003). ‘Which came first, the chicken or the egg? A foul metaphor for teaching’. Radical Pedagogy 5(2). http://radicalpedagogy.icaap.org/content/issue5_2/04_garner.html.

Gruner, C. R. (2000). The Game of Humor: A Comprehensive Theory of Why We Laugh. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.

Hackathorn, J., Garczynski, A. M., Blankmeyer, K., Tennial, R. D. & Solomon, E. D. (2011). ‘All kidding aside: humour increases learning at knowledge and comprehension levels’. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 11 (4), pp.116-123.

Heidari-Shahreza, M. A. (2018). ‘A cross-sectional analysis of teacher initiated verbal humour and ludic language play in an English as a foreign language (EFL) context’. Cogent Education 5, pp. 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2018.1430474.

Heidari-Shahreza, M. A. (2020). ‘Humor-integrated language learning (HILL): teaching with and about humour’, in Rucynski, J. & Prichard, C. (eds.), Bridging the Humour Barrier: Humour Competence Training in English Language Teaching. Lexington Books, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 79-106.

Heidari‐Shahreza, M. A. & Heydari, S. (2019). ‘Humor‐integrated language learning: a teacher’s and student’s perspective’. TESOL Journal 10 (1), pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.376.

Heidari-Shahreza, M. (2021). ‘Humor in the language classroom: pedagogical benefits and practical considerations’. TESOL Journal 12 (2), pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.572

James, D. (2004). ‘A need for humour in online courses’. College Teaching 52 (3), pp. 93–120. https://doi.org/10.3200/CTCH.52.3.93-120.

Juckel, J., Bellman, S. & Varan, D. (2016). ‘A humour typology to identify humour styles used in sitcoms’. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 29 (4), pp. 583–603.

Lichtman, M. (2010). Qualitative Research in Education: A User's Guide (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Li, C., Zhang, L. J. & Jiang, G. (2021). ‘Conceptualization and measurement of foreign language learning burnout among Chinese EFL students’. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2021.1931246

Lynch, O. H. (2002). ‘Humorous communication: finding a place for humor in communication research’. Communication Theory 12 (4), pp. 423–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00277.x.

Mackey, A. & Gass, S. M. (2005). Second Language Research Methodology and Design. Mahwah, New Jersey, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Martin, R. A. (2010). The Psychology of Humour: An Integrative Approach. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press.

Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J. & Weir, K. (2003). ‘Individual differences in uses of humour and their relation to psychological well-being: development of the humor styles questionnaire’. Journal of Research in Personality 37, pp. 48–75.

Medgyes, P. (2001). ‘How’s this for fun? The role of humour in the ELT classroom and ELT teaching materials’, in Bax, M. & Zwart, C. J.-W. (eds.), Reflections on Language and Language Learning: In Honour of Arthur van Essen. John Benjamins, pp. 105-118.

Micari, M. & Pazos, P. (2012). ‘Connecting to the professor: impact of the student-faculty relationship in a highly challenging course’. College Teaching 60 (2), pp. 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567555.2011.627576.

Neff, P. & Rucynski, J. (2021). ‘The English classroom as “warai no ba”: instructor views on humor and language learning in Japan’. International Journal of Educational Research Open 2 (2), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100070.

Petraki, E. & Nguyen, H. H. Ph. (2016). ‘Do Asian EFL teachers use humour in the classroom? A case study of Vietnamese EFL university teachers’. System 61, pp. 98-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2016.08.002.

Rashidi, N., Eslami, M., Rakhshandehroo, F. & Izadpanah, M. A. (2014). ‘Comparative study on Persian EFL teachers in schools and language institutes: a case of learner’s attitude towards humor in foreign language classrooms’. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences 98 (2), pp.1528-1534.

Ravichand, M. (2013). ‘Humor: an aid to learning and instruction’. Journal of Humanities and Social Science 11 (1), pp. 18-21.

Schmitz, J. R. (2002). ‘Humour as a pedagogical tool in foreign language and translation courses’. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 15 (1), pp. 89-113.

Schwarzer, R., Schmitz, G. S. & Tang, C. (2000). ‘Teacher burnout in Hong Kong and Germany: a cross-cultural validation of the Maslach burnout inventory’. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 13, pp. 309–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800008549268.

Torok, S. E., McMorris, R. F. & Lin, W. C. (2004). ‘Is humour an appreciated teaching tool? Perceptions of professors’ teaching styles and use of humour’. College Teaching 52, pp. 14-20. https://doi.org/10.3200/ctch.52.1.14-20.

Wanzer, M. B., Frymier, A. B., Wojtaszczyk, A. M. & Smith, T. (2006). ‘Appropriate and inappropriate uses of humour by teachers’. Communication Education 55 (2), pp. 178–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520600566132.

Wanzer, M. B., Frymier, A. B. & Irwin, J. (2010). ‘An explanation of the relationship between instructor humour and student learning: instructional humour processing theory’. Communication Education 59 (1), pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520903367238.

Waring, H. Z. (2013). ‘Doing being playful in the second language classroom’. Applied Linguistics 34 (2), pp. 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ams047.

Wulf, D. (2010). A humour competence curriculum. TESOL Quarterly 44 (1), pp. 155–169.

Yalçın, Ö. & İnceçay, V. (2014). ‘Foreign language speaking anxiety: the case of spontaneous speaking activities’. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Science 116, pp. 2620-2624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.623.

Zillmann, D. (1983). ‘Disparagement humour’, in McGhee, P. E. & Goldstein, J. H. (eds.), Handbook of Humour Research. New York: Springer, pp. 85–107.

Ziyaeemehr, A. & Kumar, V. (2014). ‘The relationship between instructor humour orientation and students’ report on second language learning’. International Journal of Instruction 7 (1), pp. 91-106.

Ziyaeemehr, A., Kumar, V. & Faiz Abdullah, M.S. (2011). ‘Use and non-use of humour in academic ESL classrooms’. English Language Teaching 4 (3), pp. 111-119.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2023 The European Journal of Humour Research

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.