The visual representations of a Biblical proverb and its modifications in the Internet space
VIEW FULL TEXT

Keywords

proverb
anti-proverb
visual representation
interaction between (humorous) text and image

How to Cite

Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H., Aleksa Varga, M., T. Litovkina, A., & Vargha, K. (2020). The visual representations of a Biblical proverb and its modifications in the Internet space. The European Journal of Humour Research, 8(2), 87–112. https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2020.8.2.Hrisztova-Gotthardt

Abstract

Proverbs have never been considered sacrosanct; on the contrary, they have frequently been used as satirical, ironic or humorous comments on a given situation. In the last few decades, they have been perverted and parodied so extensively that their variations have been sometimes heard more often than their original forms. Naturally, the most well-known Biblical proverbs are very frequently transformed and modified in various languages. “He who digs a pit for others falls into it himself” is one of such widespread proverbs originating from the Bible. This proverb exists in almost fifty European languages, including Croatian, English, German, Hungarian and Russian. Below, we would like to demonstrate the occurrence and popularity of this proverb, as well as its transformations in the five languages. The major source for this study has been the Internet and some previously constructed Internet corpora. In the course of the present study we are going to focus primarily on the visual representation of the Biblical proverb in question and its (humorous) modifications as well on the interaction between text and image.

https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2020.8.2.Hrisztova-Gotthardt
VIEW FULL TEXT

References

Aleksa, M., Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H. & T. Litovkina, A. (2009). ‘The reception of anti-proverbs in the German language area’, in: Soares, R. & Lauhagankas, O. (eds.), Actas ICP08 Proceedings. Tavira: Tipografia Tavirense, pp. 83–98.

Aleksa Varga, M. & Matovac, D. (2015). ‘Kroatische Sprichwörter im Test’. Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship 33, pp. 1–28.

Baran, A. (2012). ‘Visual humour on the internet’, in Laineste, L., Brzozowska, D. & Chłopicki, W. (eds.), Estonia and Poland. Creativity and Tradition in Cultural Communication. Volume 1: Jokes and Their Relations. Tartu: ELM Scholarly Press, pp. 171–186. Retrieved August 20, 2017 from http://www.folklore.ee/pubte/eraamat/eestipoola/baran.pdf

Baran, A. (2013). ‘On the role of visualisation in understanding phraseologisms on the example of commercials’. Folklore 53, pp. 47–72. Retrieved August 20, 2017 from http://folklore.ee/folklore/vol53/baran.pdf

Barta, P., T. Litovkina, A., Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H. & Vargha, K. (2008). ‘Paronomázia az antiproverbiumokban – magyar, angol, német, francia és orosz példákkal’, in Daczi, M., T. Litovkina, A. & Barta, P. (eds.), Ezerarcú humor. Az I. Magyar Interdiszciplináris Humorkonferencia előadásai. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, pp. 83–97.

Barta, P., T. Litovkina, A., Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H. & Vargha, K. (2009). ‘Antiproverbium-tanulmányok III.: Vegyülés a magyar, angol, német, francia és orosz antiproverbiumokban’. Modern Nyelvoktatás XV (1–2), pp. 41–54.

Berman, L. A. (1997). Proverb Wit & Wisdom: A Treasury of Proverbs, Parodies, Quips, Quotes, Clichés, Catchwords, Epigrams and Aphorisms. Berkeley: A Perigee Book.

Börzsei, L. K. (2013). ‘Makes a meme instead: a concise history of internet memes’. New Media Studies Magazine 7, pp. 1–28. Retrieved August 20, 2017 from http://works.bepress.com/linda_borzsei/2/

Crystal, D. (2001). Language and the Internet. Cambridge: CUP.

Chandrasekaran, A.,Vijayakumar, A. K., Antol, S., Bansal, M., Batra, D., Zitnick, C. L. & Parikh, D. (2016). ‘We are humor beings: Understanding and predicting visual humor’. Computer Vision Foundation, Open Access Papers 2016, pp. 4603–4612. Retrieved August 20, 2017 from http://www.cv-foundation.org/openaccess/content_cvpr_2016/papers/Chandrasekaran_We_Are_Humor_CVPR_2016_paper.pdf

Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Domokos, M. (2014). ‘Towards methodological issues in electronic folklore’. Slovensky Národopis 62 (2), pp. 283–295.

Dynel, M. (2016). ‘“I has seen image macros!” Advice animal memes as visual-verbal jokes’. International Journal of Communication 10, pp. 660–688. Retrieved August 20, 2017 from ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/download/4101/1556

Edmund, P. & Workman Williams, H. (1921). Toaster’s Handbook: Jokes, Stories and Quotations. New York: The H. W. Wilson Company.

Fiedler, S. (2015). ‘Proverbs and foreign language teaching’, in Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H. & Aleksa Varga, M. (eds.), Introduction to Paremiology. A Comprehensive Guide to Proverb Studies. Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 294–325.

Grzybek, P. (1991). ‘Sinkendes Kulturgut? Eine empirische Studie zur Bekanntheit deutscher Sprichwörter’. Wirkendes Wort. Deutsche Sprache und Literatur in Forschung und Lehre 41 (II), pp. 239–264.

Haas, H. A. (2008). ‘Proverb familiarity in the United States: Cross-regional comparisons of the paremiological minimum’. The Journal of American Folklore 121 (481), pp. 319–347.

Hemplemann, C. & Samson, A. (2008). Cartoons: Drawn jokes?, in Raskin, V. (ed.), The Primer of Humor Research. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 613–644.

Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H. (2006). ‘Bulgarische Antisprichwörter – Ergebnisse einer Internetrecherche’. Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship 23, pp. 191–210.

Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H. (2007a). ‘Antiproverbiumok: a nyelvi modernizáció része’, in Heltai Pál (ed.), Nyelvi modernizáció. Szaknyelv, fordítás, terminológia. XVI. Magyar Alkalmazott Nyelvészeti Kongresszus. Gödöllő, 2006. április 10–12. Pécs – Gödöllő: MANYE – Szent István Egyetem, pp. 518–523.

Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H. (2007b). ‘Modifizierte bulgarische Sprichwörter im Lichte der Pragmatik: Zu den Ergebnissen einer Internetrecherche’. Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 52 (1), pp. 219–234.

Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H., Barta, P., T. Litovkina, A. & Vargha, K. (2007). ‘Antiproverbium-tanulmányok I. A bővítés és a szűkítés mint ferdítési mód’. Modern Nyelvoktatás XIII (1), pp. 3–21.

Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H., T. Litovkina, A., Barta, P. & Vargha, K. (2008). ‘Poliszémia, homonímia és homofónia az antiproverbiumokban – magyar, angol, német, francia és orosz példákkal’, in Daczi, M., T. Litovkina, A. & Barta, P. (eds.), Ezerarcú humor. Az I. Magyar Interdiszciplináris Humorkonferencia előadásai. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, pp. 98–108.

Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H., T. Litovkina, A., Barta, P. & Vargha, K. (2018a). A közmondásferdítések ma: Öt nyelv antiproverbiumainak nyelvészeti vizsgálata. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó.

Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H., T. Litovkina, A., Vargha, K., Aleksa Varga, M. & Keglević, A. (2018b). ’Aki másnak vermet ás… Egy bibliai közmondás elferdített változatai és vizuális ábrázolása az interneten’, in Nemesi, A. L., T. Litovkina, A., Barta, Zs. & Barta, P. (eds.), Humorstílusok és -stratégiák. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, pp. 262–286.

Kandel, H. (1976). The Power of Positive Pessimism: Proverbs for Our Time. Los Angeles: Price/Stern/Sloan Publisher.

Kilroy, R. (1985). Graffiti: The Scrawl of the Wild and Other Tales from the Wall. London: Corgi Books.

Kozioł-Chrzanowska, E. (2017). ‘Well-known Polish proverbs in internet memes’. Proverbium. Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship 34, pp. 179–217.

Krikmann, A. (2007). ‘Digging one’s own grave’. Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 35, pp. 53-60.

Laineste, L. (2016). ‘From joke tales to demotivators: A diachronic look at humorous discourse in folklore’. Traditiones 45 (3), pp. 7–25. Retrieved August 20, 2017 from https://ojs.zrc-sazu.si/traditiones/article/view/4825

T. Litovkina, A. (2015). ‘Anti-proverbs’, in Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H. & Aleksa Varga, M. (eds.): Introduction to Paremiology: A Comprehensive Guide to Proverb Studies. Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 326–352.

T. Litovkina, A. (2017). Aki keres, az talál. Bibliai közmondások szótára. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó.

T. Litovkina, A. (2018a). ‘„Aki keres, az talál? Talál a halál!” – Bibliai proverbiumok ferdítései’, in Nemesi, A. L., T. Litovkina, A., Barta, Zs. & Barta Péter (eds.), Humorstílusok és -stratégiák. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, pp. 209–239.

T. Litovkina, A. (2018b). ‘„Aki másnak vermet ás, az talán a Messiás?” A legnépszerűbb bibliai közmondás ferdítései’, in Nemesi, A. L., T. Litovkina, A., Barta, Zs. & Barta Péter (eds.), Humorstílusok és -stratégiák. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, pp. 240–261.

T. Litovkina, A. & Mieder, W. (2005). „A közmondást nem hiába mondják”. Vizsgálatok a proverbiumok természtéről és használatáról. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó.

T. Litovkina, A. & Mieder, W. (2006). Old Proverbs Never Die, They Just Diversify: A Collection of Anti-proverbs. Burlington – Veszprém: The University of Vermont – The Pannonian University of Veszprém.

T. Litovkina, A. & Vargha, K. (2005a). „Éhes diák pakkal álmodik”. Egyetemisták közmondás-elváltoztatásai. Budapest: Private publication.

T. Litovkina, A. & Vargha, K. (2005b). „Viccében él a nemzet”. Magyar közmondás-paródiák. Budapest: Private publication.

T. Litovkina, A. & Vargha, K. (2006). „Viccében él a nemzet”. Válogatott közmondás-paródiák. Budapest: Nyitott Könyvműhely.

T. Litovkina, A., Barta, P., Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H. & Vargha, K. (2008a). ‘A szójáték egyes típusai az antiproverbiumokban – magyar, angol, német, francia és orosz példákkal’, in Daczi, M., T. Litovkina, A. & Barta, P. (eds.), Ezerarcú humor. Az I. Magyar Interdiszciplináris Humorkonferencia előadásai. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, pp. 109–122.

T. Litovkina, A.,Vargha, K., Barta, P. & Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H. (2008b). ‘Punning in Anglo-American, German, French, Russian and Hungarian anti-proverbs’. Proverbium. Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship 25, pp. 249–288.

Mieder, W. (1983). Antisprichwörter. Band I. Wiesbaden: Verlag für deutsche Sprache.

Mieder, W. (1989). American Proverbs: A Study of Texts and Contexts. Bern: Peter Lang.

Mieder, W. (1990). ‘A picture is worth a thousand words: From advertising slogan to American proverb’. Southern Folklore 47, pp. 207–225.

Mieder, W. (1993). ‘“Proverbs everyone ought to know”. Paremiological minimum and cultural literacy’, in Mieder, W., Proverbs Are Never out of Season. Popular Wisdom in the Modern Age. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 41–57.

Mieder, W. (1997). Ver-kehrte Worte: Antizitate aus Literatur und Medien. Wiesbaden: Quelle & Meyer.

Mieder, W. (2004). (ed.) The Netherlandish Proverbs: An International Symposium on the Pieter Brueg(h)els. Burlington: University of Vermont Press.

Mieder, W. (2006). “Andere Zeiten, andere Lehren”. Sprichwörter zwischen Tradition und Innovation. Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Verlag Hohengehren.

Mieder, W. (2007). ‘Anti-proverbs and mass communication: The interplay of traditional and innovative folklore’. Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 52 (1), pp. 17–46.

Mieder, W. (2014). “Wer andern eine Grube gräbt ...” - Sprichwörtliches aus der Bibel in moderner Literatur, Medien und Karikaturen. Wien: Praesens.

Mieder, W. & Mieder, B. (1977). ‘Tradition and innovation: Proverbs in advertising’. Journal of Popular Culture 11, pp. 308–319.

Mieder, W. & Tóthné Litovkina, A. (1999). Twisted Wisdom: Modern Anti-Proverbs. Burlington: University of Vermont.

Mieder, W. (editor-in-chief), Kingsbury, S. A. & Harder, K. B. (eds.) (1992). A Dictionary of American Proverbs. New York: Oxford University Press.

Norrick, N. (1989). ‘Intertextuality in humor’. Humour: International Journal of Humour Research 2 (2), pp. 117–139.

Ozga, K. (2014). ‘Demotivators as deprecating and phatic multimodal communicative acts’, in Maiorani, A. & Christie, C. (eds.), Multimodal Epistemologies: Towards an Integrated Framework. London: Routledge, pp. 28–49.

Paczolay, Gy. (1997). European Proverbs in 55 Languages With Equivalents in Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Chinese and Japanese. Veszprém: Veszprémi Nyomda.

Safian, L. A. (1967). The Book of Updated Proverbs. New York: Abelard-Schuman.

Shifman, L. (2013). ‘Memes in a digital world: Reconciling with a conceptual troublemaker’. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 18, pp. 362–377. Retrieved August 20, 2017 from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcc4.12013/epdf

Shmeleva, E. & Shmelev, A. (2009). ‘Contemporary Russian jokes: A new cast of characters’, in Krikmann, A. & Laineste, L. (eds.), Permitted Laughter: Socialist, Post-Socialist and Never-Socialist Humor. Tartu: ELM Scholarly Press, pp. 225–236.

Simpson, J. (1993). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Szpila, G. (2017). ‘Polish paremic demotivators: tradition in an internet genre’. Journal of American Folklore 130 (517), pp. 305-334.

Tóthné Litovkina, A. (1993). Felmérés a magyar közmondások ismeretére vonatkozóan és a felmérésben legismertebbeknek bizonyult közmondások elemzése. Kandidátusi disszertáció.

Tóthné Litovkina, A. (1998). ‘An analysis of popular American proverbs and their use in language teaching’, in Heissig, W. & Schott, R. (eds.), Die heutige Bedeutung oraler Traditionen – Ihre Archivierung, Publikation und Index-Erschließung (The Present-Day Importance of Oral Traditions: Their Preservation, Publication and Indexing). Opladen – Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, pp. 131–158.

Vargha, K. (2005). ‘Nincs új a net alatt. Antiproverbiumok az interneten’, in Gulyás, J. & Tóth, A. (eds.), Mindenes Gyűjtemény II. Tanulmányok Küllős Imola 60. születésnapjára. (Artes Populares 22.) Budapest: ELTE Folklore Tanszék, pp. 371–388.

Vargha, K., T. Litovkina, A., Barta, P. & Hrisztova-Gotthardt, H. (2007). ‘A csere mint az antiproverbiumok ferdítési módja – magyar, angol, német, francia és orosz példákkal’. Modern Nyelvoktatás XIII (2–3), pp. 23–42.

Veszelszki Ágnes (2017a). Digilect. The Impact of Infocommunication Technology on Language. Berlin: de Gruyter.

Veszelszki, Á. (2017b). ‘Verbális és vizuális agresszió online: az internetes trollok’. Jel-Kép 2017 (2), pp. 17–29. Retrieved August 20, 2017 from http://communicatio.hu/jelkep/2017/2/JelKep_2017_2_Veszelszki_Agnes.pdf

Vinnikov, V. (2010). Демотиваторы. Жанр русского фольклора. Retrieved February 26, 2020 from http://www.zavtra.ru/content/view/2010-11-1081.

Voigt, V. (1985). ‘Németalföldi közmondások id. Pieter Bruegel festményén. Magyar történeti folklorisztikai elemzéskísérlet’. Ethnographia XCVI (1), pp. 50–71.

[Walter] Вальтер, Х. & Мокиенко, В. М. (2005). Антипословицы русского народа. Caнкт-Петербург: Heва.

All authors agree to an Attribution Non-Commercial Non Derivative Creative Commons License on their work.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.